Anxiolytics — Benzodiazepines

Psychiatric

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Examples

alprazolamlorazepamdiazepamclonazepam

Prefix / Suffix: -pam, -lam

Physiology

GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter. Enhancing GABA reduces anxiety and produces sedation.

Mechanism of Action

Bind GABA-A receptors, enhancing GABA's inhibitory effects to produce anxiolysis, sedation, and muscle relaxation.

Indications

Acute anxiety
Panic disorder
Insomnia (short-term)
Alcohol withdrawal

Side Effects / Adverse Effects

Sedation, drowsiness
Cognitive impairment, confusion (especially elderly)
Dependence and tolerance
Respiratory depression with opioids/alcohol
Withdrawal seizures with abrupt cessation

Contraindications

Severe respiratory depression
Sleep apnea
Pregnancy (first trimester)
History of substance abuse

Nursing Considerations

Use short-term only (typically <4 weeks) due to dependence risk
Have flumazenil available as reversal agent
Avoid alcohol and other CNS depressants
Taper slowly to discontinue (withdrawal seizures)
Implement fall precautions, especially in elderly
Educate that benzodiazepines treat symptoms, not underlying anxiety — combine with therapy

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Disclaimer: PharmPal Nurse is for education only and is not medical advice. Do not use it to diagnose, treat, prescribe, or make patient-care decisions; always verify with current drug references, your instructor, facility policy, and a licensed provider. In emergencies, call local emergency services.