Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacology Basics

Mark this drug class

Pharmacodynamics is what the DRUG does to the BODY. It explains the relationship between drug concentration and the effect produced at the receptor or tissue level.

Core Concepts

Agonist

Binds a receptor and ACTIVATES it to produce a response.

e.g., Albuterol activates Ξ²2 receptors β†’ bronchodilation

Antagonist

Binds a receptor and BLOCKS it, preventing activation.

e.g., Naloxone blocks opioid receptors β†’ reverses overdose

Affinity

How tightly a drug binds to its receptor.

Efficacy

The maximum effect a drug can produce.

Potency

The amount of drug needed to produce a given effect (lower dose = more potent).

e.g., Fentanyl is more potent than morphine β€” smaller dose, same effect

Therapeutic Index (TI)

Ratio of toxic dose to effective dose. A LOW TI = narrow safety margin.

Tolerance

Decreased response over time β†’ higher dose needed (e.g., opioids, nitrates).

Dependence

Physical/psychological need for the drug; withdrawal occurs if stopped.

Narrow Therapeutic Index Drugs

These drugs have a small margin between effective and toxic dose β€” monitor levels:

WarfarinDigoxinLithiumPhenytoinTheophyllineAminoglycosides (gentamicin, tobramycin)Vancomycin

Key Pearls

  • Narrow therapeutic index drugs require regular blood-level monitoring
  • Chronic agonist use β†’ receptor downregulation β†’ tolerance
  • Chronic antagonist use β†’ receptor upregulation β†’ rebound on stopping
  • Never abruptly stop long-term beta-blockers, opioids, or benzodiazepines

Ask PharmPal Nurse

Your AI tutor for Pharmacodynamics

Ask me anything about this drug class.

Disclaimer: PharmPal Nurse is for education only and is not medical advice. Do not use it to diagnose, treat, prescribe, or make patient-care decisions; always verify with current drug references, your instructor, facility policy, and a licensed provider. In emergencies, call local emergency services.