Immunotherapy

Oncology & Immunology

Mark this drug class

Examples

pembrolizumabnivolumabipilimumabatezolizumab

Prefix / Suffix: -mab

Physiology

The immune system can recognize and destroy cancer cells, but tumors may hide by using checkpoint pathways. Immunotherapy helps immune cells stay active against cancer.

Mechanism of Action

Checkpoint inhibitors block PD-1, PD-L1, or CTLA-4 signals that normally slow T-cell activity, allowing stronger immune response against tumor cells.

Indications

Melanoma
Lung cancer
Renal cell carcinoma
Bladder cancer
Many tumors with specific biomarkers

Side Effects / Adverse Effects

Immune-mediated colitis
Pneumonitis
Hepatitis
Endocrinopathies such as thyroiditis or adrenal insufficiency
Rash and infusion reactions

Contraindications

Active severe autoimmune disease caution
Organ transplant history caution
Uncontrolled immune-related toxicity
Drug-specific allergy

Nursing Considerations

Teach patient to report diarrhea, cough, shortness of breath, jaundice, severe fatigue, rash, or headache early
Monitor thyroid, liver, renal, and respiratory status
Recognize immune side effects can occur weeks to months after therapy
Do not treat new symptoms as routine unless immune toxicity is considered
Prepare corticosteroids or treatment holds when ordered for immune-related events

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Disclaimer: PharmPal Nurse is for education only and is not medical advice. Do not use it to diagnose, treat, prescribe, or make patient-care decisions; always verify with current drug references, your instructor, facility policy, and a licensed provider. In emergencies, call local emergency services.