Chemotherapy Agents

Oncology & Immunology

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Examples

cyclophosphamidecisplatindoxorubicinpaclitaxelmethotrexate

Prefix / Suffix: many vary by class

Physiology

Cancer cells divide rapidly, but some normal cells also divide quickly, such as bone marrow, GI lining, and hair follicles. Chemotherapy targets cell division, which explains many toxicities.

Mechanism of Action

Traditional chemotherapy damages DNA, blocks DNA synthesis, disrupts mitosis, or interferes with cell replication to kill rapidly dividing cells.

Indications

Cancer treatment for cure, control, or palliation
Adjuvant or neoadjuvant therapy
Hematologic malignancies
Some autoimmune diseases at lower doses

Side Effects / Adverse Effects

Myelosuppression
Nausea/vomiting and mucositis
Alopecia
Infertility or teratogenicity
Organ toxicities such as cardiotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity depending on drug

Contraindications

Severe bone marrow suppression
Active uncontrolled infection
Pregnancy for many agents
Organ dysfunction that prevents safe dosing

Nursing Considerations

Use chemotherapy precautions and verify regimen with independent double-check
Monitor CBC, renal, liver labs, and signs of infection or bleeding
Teach neutropenic precautions and when to report fever
Manage nausea proactively with antiemetics
Assess IV site carefully for vesicant extravasation

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Disclaimer: PharmPal Nurse is for education only and is not medical advice. Do not use it to diagnose, treat, prescribe, or make patient-care decisions; always verify with current drug references, your instructor, facility policy, and a licensed provider. In emergencies, call local emergency services.