Oncology

Chemotherapy Antiemetics

Oncology & Immunology

Mark this drug class

Examples

ondansetrongranisetronaprepitantdexamethasoneprochlorperazine

Prefix / Suffix: -setron for 5-HT3 antagonists; -pitant for NK1 antagonists

Physiology

Chemotherapy can trigger nausea and vomiting through serotonin release in the GI tract and activation of brain vomiting centers. Prevention is easier than rescue after symptoms begin.

Mechanism of Action

Antiemetics block serotonin, substance P/NK1, dopamine, or inflammatory pathways involved in nausea and vomiting.

Indications

  • Prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea/vomiting
  • Treatment of breakthrough nausea
  • Radiation-induced nausea
  • Postoperative nausea for selected agents

Side Effects / Adverse Effects

  • Headache and constipation with ondansetron
  • QT prolongation
  • Sedation or extrapyramidal symptoms with dopamine antagonists
  • Hyperglycemia and insomnia with dexamethasone
  • Drug interactions with NK1 antagonists

Contraindications

  • Known QT prolongation caution
  • Parkinson disease caution with dopamine antagonists
  • Drug-specific allergy
  • Concurrent interacting medications requiring adjustment

Nursing Considerations

  • Give prophylactic antiemetics before chemotherapy as scheduled
  • Teach patient not to wait until nausea is severe
  • Monitor bowel function and QT risk
  • Assess hydration and weight
  • Use combination regimens for highly emetogenic chemotherapy as ordered

Ask PharmPal Nurse

Your AI tutor for Chemotherapy Antiemetics

Ask me anything about this drug class.

Disclaimer: PharmPal Nurse is for education only and is not medical advice. Do not use it to diagnose, treat, prescribe, or make patient-care decisions; always verify with current drug references, your instructor, facility policy, and a licensed provider. In emergencies, call local emergency services.