NSAIDs

Musculoskeletal

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Examples

ibuprofennaproxenketorolaccelecoxib

Prefix / Suffix: -profen for some; -coxib for COX-2 inhibitors

Physiology

Inflammation produces prostaglandins that cause pain, fever, and swelling. Prostaglandins also protect the stomach lining and support kidney blood flow.

Mechanism of Action

NSAIDs inhibit COX enzymes, decreasing prostaglandin production and reducing pain, inflammation, and fever.

Indications

Mild to moderate pain
Inflammation
Fever
Dysmenorrhea
Arthritis symptoms

Side Effects / Adverse Effects

GI irritation, ulcers, bleeding
Kidney injury
Fluid retention and hypertension
Increased cardiovascular risk
Bleeding risk from platelet effects

Contraindications

Active GI bleeding or peptic ulcer disease
Severe renal impairment
Aspirin-sensitive asthma
Late pregnancy
Use caution with anticoagulants

Nursing Considerations

Give with food or milk if appropriate to reduce GI upset
Monitor renal function, blood pressure, and signs of bleeding
Avoid combining multiple NSAIDs
Teach patient to report black stools, vomiting blood, chest pain, or decreased urine
Use ketorolac only short term per policy

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Disclaimer: PharmPal Nurse is for education only and is not medical advice. Do not use it to diagnose, treat, prescribe, or make patient-care decisions; always verify with current drug references, your instructor, facility policy, and a licensed provider. In emergencies, call local emergency services.