Hormonal Contraceptives

Maternity & Reproductive

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Examples

ethinyl estradiol/levonorgestrelnorethindronedepot medroxyprogesteroneetonogestrel implant

Prefix / Suffix: No consistent suffix

Physiology

Hormonal contraception prevents pregnancy by interrupting ovulation, fertilization, or implantation conditions. Estrogen and progestin also change cervical mucus and the endometrium.

Mechanism of Action

Combination methods suppress FSH/LH to prevent ovulation. Progestin-only methods thicken cervical mucus, thin the endometrium, and may suppress ovulation depending on dose and route.

Indications

Pregnancy prevention
Cycle regulation
Dysmenorrhea or heavy menstrual bleeding
Acne or endometriosis symptom management in selected patients

Side Effects / Adverse Effects

Nausea, breast tenderness, spotting
Headache or mood changes
Increased blood pressure
Venous thromboembolism risk with estrogen-containing methods
Weight change or delayed fertility return with depot injection

Contraindications

Pregnancy
History of thromboembolism or stroke with estrogen methods
Migraine with aura and estrogen use
Uncontrolled hypertension
Breast cancer or severe liver disease depending on method

Nursing Considerations

Screen for contraindications, smoking status, blood pressure, migraine with aura, and clot history
Teach what to do for missed pills or late injections
Explain that most hormonal methods do not protect against STIs
Review warning signs: severe abdominal pain, chest pain, severe headache, eye problems, severe leg pain
Encourage consistent timing for progestin-only pills

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Disclaimer: PharmPal Nurse is for education only and is not medical advice. Do not use it to diagnose, treat, prescribe, or make patient-care decisions; always verify with current drug references, your instructor, facility policy, and a licensed provider. In emergencies, call local emergency services.