Antiepileptics (Anticonvulsants)

CNS Medications

Mark this drug class

Examples

phenytoincarbamazepinevalproic acidlevetiracetamlamotrigine

Prefix / Suffix: No consistent suffix

Physiology

Seizures result from excessive, synchronous neuronal firing. Antiepileptics stabilize neuronal membranes by modulating ion channels or enhancing GABA.

Mechanism of Action

Stabilize neuronal membranes by blocking sodium or calcium channels, enhancing GABA, or inhibiting glutamate, reducing seizure activity.

Indications

Epilepsy / seizure disorders
Status epilepticus
Neuropathic pain
Bipolar disorder (valproic acid, carbamazepine, lamotrigine)
Migraine prophylaxis (some)

Side Effects / Adverse Effects

Sedation, dizziness, ataxia
Gingival hyperplasia (phenytoin)
Stevens-Johnson syndrome (lamotrigine, carbamazepine)
Hepatotoxicity (valproic acid)
Bone marrow suppression (carbamazepine)
Teratogenicity (especially valproic acid)

Contraindications

Pregnancy (especially valproic acid — neural tube defects)
Severe hepatic impairment
Bone marrow suppression

Nursing Considerations

Never stop abruptly — risk of status epilepticus
Monitor drug levels (phenytoin therapeutic range 10–20 mcg/mL)
Monitor CBC and liver function periodically
Teach good oral hygiene with phenytoin (gingival hyperplasia)
Report any rash immediately (Stevens-Johnson risk, especially with lamotrigine)
Counsel women of childbearing age about teratogenicity and contraception
Maintain seizure precautions; teach safety measures

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Disclaimer: PharmPal Nurse is for education only and is not medical advice. Do not use it to diagnose, treat, prescribe, or make patient-care decisions; always verify with current drug references, your instructor, facility policy, and a licensed provider. In emergencies, call local emergency services.