Calcium Channel Blockers

Cardiovascular

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Examples

amlodipinenifedipineverapamildiltiazem

Prefix / Suffix: -dipine (dihydropyridines)

Physiology

Calcium plays a key role in muscle contraction of the heart and blood vessels. When calcium enters cells, it causes the heart to contract and blood vessels to constrict. Blocking calcium reduces this activity.

Mechanism of Action

They inhibit calcium influx into cardiac and smooth muscle cells, leading to vasodilation and decreased cardiac contractility.

Indications

Hypertension
Angina
Arrhythmias (verapamil, diltiazem)

Side Effects / Adverse Effects

Hypotension (due to vasodilation)
Bradycardia (especially verapamil, diltiazem)
Peripheral edema (due to vasodilation)
Constipation (common with verapamil)
Dizziness

Contraindications

Severe hypotension
Heart block (non-dihydropyridines)
Heart failure (use cautiously)

Nursing Considerations

Monitor blood pressure (risk of hypotension)
Check heart rate (especially with verapamil and diltiazem due to bradycardia risk)
Assess for peripheral edema (due to vasodilation of vessels)
Avoid grapefruit juice (can increase drug levels leading to toxicity)
Use caution when combined with beta blockers (increased risk of severe bradycardia and heart block)
Monitor for constipation (especially with verapamil)

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