Anticoagulants

Cardiovascular

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Examples

heparinwarfarinenoxaparin

Prefix / Suffix: -parin (heparin, enoxaparin), -farin (warfarin)

Physiology

Coagulation factors in the blood form fibrin clots. Anticoagulants interfere with this process to prevent clot formation.

Mechanism of Action

Heparin enhances antithrombin, which inhibits clotting factors. Warfarin inhibits vitamin K–dependent clotting factors.

Indications

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
Pulmonary embolism (PE)
Atrial fibrillation
Stroke prevention

Side Effects / Adverse Effects

Bleeding (reduced clotting ability)
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (immune reaction causing low platelets)

Contraindications

Active bleeding
Recent surgery
Severe bleeding disorders

Nursing Considerations

Monitor aPTT for heparin (1.5–2.5× normal) (ensures therapeutic range)
Monitor INR for warfarin (target 2–3) (prevents bleeding or clotting)
Antidotes: protamine sulfate (heparin), vitamin K (warfarin) — tested frequently
Assess for bleeding (major complication)
Avoid IM injections (risk of hematoma)
Maintain consistent vitamin K intake with warfarin (prevents INR fluctuations)

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